最新日志

发表于:2008-5-16 16:17:32
评论(0) | 阅读(25)
发表于:2008-5-16 15:44:26
标签:无标签

1

ARM开发软件及实用工具介绍

ARM开发软件及实用工具介绍一、编译器介绍
1、ADS1.2
ADS是ARM公司的集成开发环境软件,他的功能非常强大。他的前身是SDT,SDT是ARM公司几年前的开发环境软件,目前SDT早已经不再升级。ADS包括了四个模块分别是:SIMULATOR;C 编译器;实时调试器;应用函数库。
ADS 的编译器调试器较SDT都有了非常大的改观, ADS1.2提供完整的WINDOWS界面开发环境。C编译器效率极高,支持c 以及c ,使工程师可以很方便的使用C语言进行开发。提供软件模拟仿真功能,使没有Emulators的学习者也能够熟悉ARM的指令系统。配合FFT -ICE使用,ADS1.2提供强大的实时调试跟踪功能,片内运行情况尽在把握。ADS1.2需要硬件支持才能发挥强大功能。目前支持的硬件调试器有 Multi-ICE以及兼容Multi-ICE的调试工具如FFT-ICE。而简易下载电缆不能支持ADS1.2

版本:ADS1.2

软件大小:130M



2、ARM REALVIEW DEVELOPER SUITE
RealView Developer Suite工具是ARM公司是推出的新一代ARM集成开发工具。支持所有ARM 系列核,并与众多第三方实时操作系统及工具商合作简化开发流程。开发工具包含以下组件:

· 完全优化的ISO C/C 编译器
M开发论坛

· C 标准模板库
· 强大的宏编译器
· 支持代码和数据复杂存储器布局的连接器
· 可选 GUI调试器
· 基于命令行的符号调试器(armsd)
· 指令集仿真器
· 生成无格式二进制工具、Intel 32位和Motorola 32位ROM映像代码的指令集模拟工具
· 库创建工具
· 内容丰富的在线文档

官方网址:

版本:ARM.RealView.Developer2.2

软件大小:500M



3、IAR EWARM

Embedded Workbench for ARM 是IAR Systems 公司为ARM 微处理器开发的一个集成开发环境(下面简称IAR EWARM)。比较其他的ARM 开发环境,IAR EWARM 具有入门轻易、使用方便和代码紧凑等特点。

IAR Systems 公司目前推出的最新版本是IAR Embedded Workbench for ARM version 4.30。这里提供的是32k 代码限制、但没有时间限制的Kickstart版。

EWARM 中包含一个全软件的模拟程序(simulator)。用户不需要任何硬件支持就可以模拟各种ARM 内核、外部设备甚至中断的软件运行环境。从中可以了解和评估IAR EWARM 的功能和使用方法。

IAR EWARM 的主要特点如下: ARM
1、高度优化的IAR ARM C/C Compiler
2、IAR ARM Assembler
3、一个通用的IAR XLINK Linker
4、IAR XAR 和XLIB 建库程序和IAR DLIB C/C 运行库
5、功能强大的编辑器
6、项目治理器
7、命令行实用程序
8、IAR C-SPY 调试器(先进的高级语言调试器

版本:IAR EWARM 4.40a

软件大小:93M



4、KEIL ARM-MDKARM


Keil uVision调试器可以帮助用户准确地调试ARM器件的片内外围功能(I2C、 CAN、UART、SPI、中断、I/O口、A/D转换器、D/A转换器和PWM模块等功能)。ULINK USB-JTAG转换器将PC机的USB端口与用户的目标硬件相连(通过JTAG或OCD),使用户可在目标硬件上调试代码。通过使用Keil uVision IDE/调试器和ULINK USB-JTAG转换器,用户可以很方便地编辑、下载和在实际的目标硬件上测试嵌入的程序。

支持Philips、Samsung、 Atmel、 Analog Devices、 Sharp、 ST等众多厂商ARM7内核的ARM微控制器。

高效工程治理的uVision3集成开发环境
* Project/Target/Group/File的重叠治理模式,并可逐级设置;
* 高度智能彩色语法显示;
* 支持编辑状态的断点设置,并在仿真状态下有效。

ARM


高速ARM指令/外设模拟器
* 高效模拟算法缩短大型软件的模拟时间;
* 软件模拟进程中答应建立外部输入信号;
* 独特的工具窗口,可快速查看寄存器和方便配置外设;
* 支持C调试描述语言,可建立与实际硬件高度吻合的仿真平台;
* 支持简单/条件/逻辑表达式/存储区读写/地址范围等断点。
多种流行编译工具选择
* Keil高效率C编译器;
* ARM公司的ADS/RealView 编译器;
* GNU GCC 编译器;
* 后续厂商的编译器。

官方网址:www.keil.com

版本: MDKARM V3.10A

软件大小:53M



5、WINARM (GCCARM)
WINARM 是一个免费的开发工具。
WinARM 可以在 http://www.siwawi.arubi.uni-kl.de/avr_projects/arm_projects/ 下载得到,里面除了包含 C/C 编译器——GCC,汇编、连接器——Binutils,调试器——GDB等工具,也包括了通过 GDB 使用 Wiggler JTAG 的软件——OCDRemote。所以,所需要的工具都包括在了这个 WinARM 发行版中,就可以比较省心了。 ARM

官方发布网址:http://www.siwawi.arubi.uni-kl.de/avr_projects/arm_projects/

软件大小:90M



二、相关开发工具介绍

1、简易的JTAG制作:

原理图及PCB(protel99)下载



2、H-JTAG调试代理
H-JTAG是一个免费的ARM调试代理,程序没有任何限制,希望能给ARM的爱好者提供一
个简单实用的学习工具。欢迎访问作者的BLOG: http://twentyone.blogchina.com
blog提供了安装程序的下载,同时,也提供了常见的Q&A.

0. 支持ARM7/ARM9,支持自动检测和手动指定内核
1. 使用RDI接口,支持SDT,ADS,REALVIEW和IAR
2. 支持ADS1.2和SDT2.51和RREAL VIEW
3. 支持个硬件断点或者数量不限的软件断点
4. 支持ARM/THUMB模式
5. 支持LITTLEENDIAN & BIGENDIAN
6. 支持SEMIHOSTING
7. 支持WIGGLER SDTJTAG和自定义接口 字串4

3、LPC2000系列ISP工具
a、飞利普官方网站下载工具
b、

4、Macraigor Systems Wiggler 调试工具

5、J-LINK

IAR公司的J-LINK是一款小巧的ARM JTAG硬件调试器,它是通过USB口与PC机相连。
IAR的J-LINK与该公司的嵌入式开发平台紧密结合,且完全支持即插即用。

主要特征:

1)?支持所有ARM7和ARM9
2)?下载速度高达600KB/sec
3) 无需电源供电,可直接通过USB取电
4)?JTAG速度是8MHz
5)?自动辨速
6)?监控所有的JTAG管脚信号,测量电压
7)?20pin标准JTAG连接器
8)?配带USB口和20pin插槽
9) 支持Windows 2000 和Windows XP

更强的几点:
1、支持ADS,KEIL,IAR,WINARM,RV等几乎所有开发环境;并且可以和IAR无缝连接
2、支持FLASH软件断点,可以设置2个以上断点(无限个断点),极大的提高调试效率;
3、带J-Link TCP/IP server,答应通过TCP/ IP 网络使用J-Link
4、支持几乎所有ARM7,ARM9,暂时不支持XSCALE;
字串8

* ARM7TDMI(Rev 1)
* ARM7TDMI(Rev 3)
* ARM7TDMI-S(Rev 4)
* ARM720T
* ARM920T
* ARM926EJ-S
* ARM946E-S

官方网站:http://www.segger.com/

6、U-LINK
概述
ARM7 TDMI结构的Keil开发套件采用最新设计的超豪华uVision3集成开发环境,内嵌C编译器/汇编器/工程治理器/调试器等功能功能模块,是一款稳定/可靠/高效的开发工具,适用于不同层次的的用户,完全满足从专业的应用开发工程师到初学嵌入式软件开发的学生的所有使用要求。类似于8051的智能平台将大幅度缩短您的开发周期,各大半导体厂商的所有ARM型号将逐一得到全面支持。

Keil uVision调试器可以帮助用户准确地调试ARM器件的片内外围功能(I2C、 CAN、UART、SPI、中断、I/O口、A/D转换器、D/A转换器和PWM模块等功能)。ULINK USB-JTAG转换器将PC机的USB端口与用户的目标硬件相连(通过JTAG或OCD),使用户可在目标硬件上调试代码。通过使用Keil uVision IDE/调试器和ULINK USB-JTAG转换器,用户可以很方便地编辑、下载和在实际的目标硬件上测试嵌入的程序。

ARM


支持Philips、Samsung、 Atmel、 Analog Devices、 Sharp、 ST等众多厂商ARM7内核的ARM微控制器。
特点
高效工程治理的uVision3集成开发环境
* Project/Target/Group/File的重叠治理模式,并可逐级设置;
* 高度智能彩色语法显示;
* 支持编辑状态的断点设置,并在仿真状态下有效。
高速ARM指令/外设模拟器
* 高效模拟算法缩短大型软件的模拟时间;
* 软件模拟进程中答应建立外部输入信号;
* 独特的工具窗口,可快速查看寄存器和方便配置外设;
* 支持C调试描述语言,可建立与实际硬件高度吻合的仿真平台;
* 支持简单/条件/逻辑表达式/存储区读写/地址范围等断点。
多种流行编译工具选择
* Keil高效率C编译器;
* ARM公司的ADS/RealView 编译器;
* GNU GCC 编译器;
* 后续厂商的编译器。
JTAG仿真器ULINK
* USB通讯接口高速下载用户代码;
* 存储区域/寄存器查看;
* 快速单步程序运行;
* 多种程序断点;
* 片内Flash编程 。
支持器件

点击此处查看原文 >>

系统分类: 虚拟仪器   |    用户分类:    |    来源: 转贴

评论(0) | 阅读(34)
发表于:2008-5-16 13:40:49
标签:无标签

1

D类音频放大器设计:概念、原理和方法(下)

摘要: 本文详细阐述了D类音频放大器技术及其设计要素,并介绍了ADI公司的的产品特点。

关键词: 

音质

中,要获得好的总体音质必须解决几个问题。

“卡搭”声:当放大器导通或断开时发出的卡搭声非常讨厌。但不幸的是,它们易于引入到中,除非当放大器静噪或非静噪时特别注意调制器状态、输出级时序和状态。

信噪比(SNR):为了避免放大器本底噪声产生的嘶嘶声,对于便携式应用的低功率放大器,SNR通常应当超过90 dB,对于中等功率设计SNR应当超过100 dB,对于大功率设计应当超过110 dB。这对于各种放大器是可以达到的,但在放大器设计期间必须跟踪具体的噪声源以保证达到满意的总体SNR。

失真机理: 失真机理包括调制技术或调制器实现中的非线性,以及为了解决冲击电流问题输出级所采用的死区时间。

在D类调制器输出脉宽中通常对包含音频信号幅度的信息进行编码。用于防止输出级冲击电流附加的死区时间会引入非线性时序误差,它在扬声器产生的失真与相对于理想脉冲宽度的时序误差成正比。用于避免冲击最短的死区时间对于将失真减至最小经常是最有利的;欲了解优化开关输出级失真性能的详细设计方法请参看深入阅读资料2。

其它失真源包括:输出脉冲上升时间和下降时间的不匹配,栅极驱动电路时序特性的不匹配,以及LC低通滤波器元器件的非线性。

抑制 (PSR): 在图2所示的电路中,噪声几乎直接耦合到输出扬声器,具有很小的抑制作用。发生这种情况是因为输出级晶体管通过一个非常低的电阻将连接到低通滤波器。滤波器抑制高频噪声,但所有音频频率都会通过,包括音频噪声。关于对单端和差分开关输出级电路噪声影响的详细说明请参看深入阅读材料3。

如果不解决失真问题和问题,就很难达到PSR优于10 dB,或总谐波失真(THD)优于0.1%。甚至更坏的情况,THD趋向于有害音质的高阶失真。

幸运的是,有一些好的解决方案来解决这些问题。使用具有高环路增益的反馈(正如在许多线性放大器设计中所采用的)帮助很大。输入的反馈会大大提高PSR并且衰减所有非失真源。非线性可通过在反馈环路中包括的扬声器进行衰减。在精心设计的闭环中,可以达到PSR > 60 dB和THD < 0.01%的高保真音质。

但反馈使得放大器的设计变得复杂,因为必须满足环路的稳定性(对于高阶设计是一种很复杂的考虑)。连续时间模拟反馈对于捕获有关脉冲时序误差的重要信息也是必需的,因此控制环路必须包括模拟电路以处理反馈信号。在集成电路放大器实现中,这会增加管芯成本。

为了将IC成本减至最低,一些制造商喜欢不使用或使用最少的模拟电路部分。有些产品用一个数字开环调制器和一个模数转换器来检测变化,并且用调整调制器进行补偿,这可以参看深入阅读资料3。这样可以改善PSR,但不会解决任何失真问题。其它的数字调制器试图对预期的输出级时序误差进行预补偿,或对非理想的调制器进行校正。这样至少会处理一部分失真源,但不是全部。对于音质要求宽松的应用,可通过这些开环进行处理,但对于最佳音质,有些形式的反馈似乎是必需的。

调制技术

调制器可以有多种方法实现,拥有大量的相关研究和知识产权支持。限于篇幅,在此从略。

处理

输出的高频分量值得认真考虑。如果不正确理解和处理,这些分量会产生大量并且干扰其它设备的工作。

两种需要考虑:辐射到空间的信号和通过扬声器及线传导的信号。调制方案决定传导和辐射分量的基线谱。但是,可以使用一些板级的设计方法减少发射的,而不管其基线谱如何。

一条有用的原则是将承载高频电流的环路面积减至最小,因为与相关的强度与环路面积及环路与其它电路的接近程度有关。例如,整个(包括扬声器接线)的布局应尽可能地紧密,并且保持靠近放大器。电流驱动和回路印制线应当集中在一起以将环路面积减至最小(扬声器使用双绞线对接线很有帮助)。另一个要注意的地方是当输出级晶体管栅极电容开关时会产生大的瞬态电荷。通常这个电荷来自储能电容,从而形成一个包含两个电容的电流环路。通过将环路面积减至最小可降低环路中瞬态的影响,意味着储能电容应尽可能靠近晶体管对它充电。

有时,插入与放大器串联的RF厄流线圈很有帮助。正确布置它们可将高频瞬态电流限制在靠近放大器的本地环路内,而不会沿线长距离传导。

如果栅极驱动非重叠时间非常长,扬声器或的感应电流会正向偏置输出级晶体管端的寄生二极管。当非重叠时间结束时,二极管偏置从正向变为反向。在二极管完全断开之前,会出现大的反向恢复电流尖峰,从而产生麻烦的源。通过保持非重叠时间非常短(还建议将音频失真减至最小)使减至最小。如果反向恢复方案仍不可接受,可使用肖特基(Schottky)二极管与该晶体管的寄生二极管并联,以转移电流并且防止寄生二极管一直导通。这很有帮助,因为Schottky二极管的金属半导体结本质上不受反向恢复效应的影响。

具有环形电感器磁芯的可将放大器电流导致的杂散现场输电线影响减至最小。在成本和性能之间的一种好的折衷方法是通过屏蔽减小来自低成本鼓形磁芯的辐射。

设计

为了节省成本和PCB面积,大多数采用二阶低通设计。图3示出一个差分式二阶。扬声器用于减弱电路的固有谐振。尽管扬声器阻抗有时近似于简单的电阻,但实际阻抗比较复杂并且可能包括显著的无功分量。要获得最佳滤波器设计效果,设计工程师应当总是争取使用精确的扬声器模型。

常见的滤波器设计选择目的是为了在所需要的最高音频频率条件下将滤波器响应下降减至最小以获得最低带宽。如果对于高达20 kHz频率,要求下降小于1 dB,则要求典型的滤波器具有40 kHz巴特沃斯(Butterworth)响应(以达到最大平坦通带)。对于常见的扬声器阻抗以及标准的L值和C值,表1给出了标称元器件值及其相应的近似Butterworth响应。

表1

如果设计不包括扬声器反馈,扬声器THD会对元器件的线性度敏感。

电感器设计考虑因素:设计或选择电感器的重要因素包括磁芯的额定电流和形状,以及绕线电阻。

额定电流:选用磁芯的额定电流应当大于期望的放大器的最高电流。原因是如果电流超过额定电流阈值并且电流密度太高,许多电感器磁芯会发生磁性饱和,导致电感急剧减小,这是我们所不期望的。

通过在磁芯周围绕线而形成电感。如果绕线匝数很多,与总绕线长度相关的电阻很重要。由于该电阻串联于半桥和扬声器之间,因而会消耗一些输出功率。如果电阻太高,应当使用较粗的绕线或选用要求绕线匝数较少的其它金属材质的磁芯,用以提供需要的电感。

最后,不要忘记所使用的电感器的形状也会影响,正如上面所提到的。

系统成本

在使用的音频系统中,有哪些重要因素影响其总体成本? 我们怎样才能将成本减至最低?

的有源器件是开关输出级和调制器。构成该电路的成本大致与模拟线性放大器相同。真正需要考虑的折衷是系统的其它元器件。

的低功耗节省了散热装置的成本(以及PCB面积),例如,散热片或风扇。D类集成电路放大器可采用比模拟线性放大器尺寸小和成本低的封装。当驱动数字音频源时,模拟线性放大器需要数模转换器(DAC)将音频信号转换为模拟信号。对于处理模拟输入的也需如此转换,但对于数字输入的有效地集成了DAC功能。

另一方面,的主要成本缺点是的元器件,尤其是电感器,占用PCB面积并且增加成本。在大功率放大器中,的总体系统成本仍具有竞争力,因为在散热装置节省的大量成本可以抵消的成本。但是在低成本、低功耗应用中,电感器的成本很高。在极个别情况下,例如,用于蜂窝电话的低成本放大器,放大器IC的成本可能比的总成本还要低。即使是忽略成本方面的考虑,占用的PCB面积也是小型应用中的一个问题。

为了满足这些考虑,有时会完全取消,以采用无滤波放大器设计。这样可节省成本和PCB面积,虽然失去了低通滤波器的好处。如果没有滤波器,和高频功耗的增加将会不可接受,除非扬声器采用电感式并且非常靠近放大器,电流环路面积最小,而且功率水平保持很低。尽管这种设计在便携式应用中经常采用,例如,蜂窝电话,但不适合大功率系统,例如,家庭音响。

另一种方法是将每个音频通道所需要的元器件数减至最少。这可以通过使用单端半桥输出级实现,它需要的电感器和电容器数量是差分全桥电路的一半。但如果半桥输出级需要双极性,那么与产生负相关的成本可能就会过高,除非负已经有一些其它目的,或放大器有足够多的音频通道,以分摊负成本。另外,半桥也可从单供电,但这样会降低输出功率并且经常需要使用一个大的隔直流电容器。

点击此处查看原文 >>

系统分类: 虚拟仪器   |    用户分类:    |    来源: 转贴

评论(0) | 阅读(24)
发表于:2008-5-15 11:30:45
标签:无标签

1

如何选择DAC 2

[问:windytj] DAC芯片选择时其转换速度与精度如何权衡才能得到最便宜的芯片?谢谢
[答:LiaoWS] The simplest way for you is to give ADI a call, we can select one for you. Our contact way is 800 810 1742.  [2003-10-30 11:45:39]
[问:hobodom] 请问专家,在D/A应用过程中,内部参考电压和外部参考电压优劣怎样?应该如何选择?对无杂散动态范围得影响是什么?
[答:Mariah] Generally speaking,internal reference is not good as external reference. If the specification which can be get from the datasheet is not good enough, you should use an more accurate reference. The main parameter for reference is the initial accuracy,temperature drift,noise etc. The DC performance of reference will not influence SFDR while AD performance will influence SFDR more.  [2003-10-30 11:46:49]
[问:Lawson_jian] 请问,低通滤波于A/D和D/A之间的匹配要注意那些问题
[答:LiaoWS] Pay attention to the impedance match, the signal bandwidth, voltage range.  [2003-10-30 11:47:29]
[问:lwbence] 对DA而言,一般场合是用内部参考源还是外部参考源?如果是外部的,一般电源芯片的输出可以吗?
[答:LiaoWS] Normally, you can use internal reference. If you want to use external reference, please don"t use the power supply parts, you can consider our ADRxx series of reference parts.  [2003-10-30 11:49:10]
[问:hardyye] dac 的精度于速度有什么关系
[答:Theresa] There is no direct relationship between accuracy and speed of a DAC.

Current output DACs are much faster settling in ns in contrast to voltage output dacs, settling in ms. 
Both types are available with 16 bits of accuracy.  [2003-10-30 11:49:37]
[问:快捷方式] 据说现在市场上有18bit以上的DAC,不知贵公司有没有这样的产品?若有能否给一些介绍?
  顺便问一个不相关的问题,在一篇文章上看到ADI有一款运放AD8751,但在ADI主页上看不到这个型号,这是怎么回事?
  谢谢!
[答:Wayne] Normally for DACs with resolution higher than 16 bit are audio DAC with Sigma-delta technology. AD185x is good which can support various sample rates.
Could you contact with 8008101742 for the amplifier part# you mentioned ?  [2003-10-30 11:49:41]
[问:982441] 现有的D/A转换器转换速率最快能达到多快?
[答:LiaoWS] For ADI, the fastest is 500MSPS. They are AD9782/4/6.  [2003-10-30 11:49:47]
[问:wffae] 用多通道D/A输出时,如何避免在同时工作时,每个通道受其它通道的干扰?
[答:Albert] There are generally two mechanisms contributing to crosstalk. The first is internal to the device relating to its internal design. The component vendor generally looks after this crosstalk mechanism minimizing as much as possible in the layout phase of the design by incorporating isolation between channels, avoiding interraction of the analog and digital sections and paying attention to clock distribution etc,.
The second mechanism relates to the use of the product in the end user application. Paying attention to layout, isolating channels with analog ground and good decoupling of the supplies will help minimize crosstalk.Its also important when using fast digital logic in the interface to avoid overshoot and undershoot on the signals as this couples acorss the device effecting performance. [2003-10-30 11:50:24]
[问:chenpld] ad和da连接起来时,在给定的采样速率和量化比特数时,决定系统的信噪比的关键因素?
[答:Jing] You can refer to this equation:
1. SNR [dB] = 20 x log (2^(n-1) x √6)
2. Approx = 6.02n + 1.76
The ideal SNR is affected by the resulotion. But in the real world, you should minimize the noise such as EMI and be aware about the layout and the decoupling circuit. [2003-10-30 11:50:37]
[问:candid] 请问设计pcb时,都有哪些措施降低噪声对dac的影响?
[答:MelConway] Use good high frequency decoupling capacitors [multi layer ceramic etc. connected with the shortest possible leads directly to the DAC supply pins and grounds.
Use single point grounding of separate Analog and Digital grounds.
Use ground planes under and around the DAC.
Do not route any digital signals near or parallel to any analog signals.
Shield or decouple any high impedance nodes.
Use filtering on the output and reference inputs if necessary.
Minimize all impedances and resistances.
Minimize over- and under-shoot, and ringing on digital lines. Use line matching and termination if necessary on high speed lines. Limit slew rates on digital signals.
Limit siganl and reference bandwidths.  [2003-10-30 11:50:38]
[问:drly] 您好!请问应用在微小型系统上的数模转换器都有什么型号?尺寸是多少?以此设计声频信号发生器还需要注意什么?
[答:William] You can look at the 16-bit products for highest accuracy.  AD5570 would be well-suited for this application.  It"s available in 16 pin SSOP package.  [2003-10-30 11:51:31]
[问:falling74] 请问专家,DAC的数字端和模拟端的地怎样连接时,效果比较好
[答:Wayne] A good PDF book for your reference: http://www.analog.com/technology/amplifiersLinear
/training/sensorSignal.html  [2003-10-30 11:52:15]
[问:qiangnet] 能否推荐一个10M/8BIT的并行D/A转换器?
[答:Mariah] AD9709 8bits, 125MHz,parallel D/A  [2003-10-30 11:54:38]
[问:q31488] 能问问光驱或影碟机里数模转换器的型号、功能吗?
[答:Wayne] Could you contact with ADI toll-free phone 8008101742 for details ? we need to know channel#, resolution#, and interface your system requires.  [2003-10-30 11:55:14]
[问:haoyangd] 请问在Delta-Sigma DAC中主要的技术指标常常是SNR,THD,GainError,等等,而不是常见的DNL,INL,为什么?另外这两种指标之间有没有可以替换的公式?谢谢。
[答:LiaoWS] The reason is that Sigma-Delta DACs maily used in audio, which doesn"t care the INL/DNL DC specs. There is no equations among them.  [2003-10-30 11:55:19]
[问:wistful] ADV7189何时能批量供货?
[答:Wayne] ADV7189 schedule to production in November 2003.  [2003-10-30 11:56:22]
[问:姚黎锋] 请问:目前的DAC芯片所能适应的环境温度在哪个范围内?
[答:LiaoWS] ADI can provide parts in almost all temp range, from 0-70 to -55-125 degree. Please refer to their datasheets.  [2003-10-30 11:56:34]
[问:lxl9726] 请问A/D、D/A的转换精度现在最高是多少位?谢谢!
[答:LiaoWS] Both 24-bit accuracy.  [2003-10-30 11:57:17]
[问:weijie_lee] ADI有没有串行接口的大于12位的DAC芯片?
ADI的芯片为什么好多都没有库存?
DAC的方式哪一种最先进?
[答:William] AD7846 etc. fits your requirement.  One cannot say that one structure is more advanced as each type of structure is designed to optimize certain specifications.  We do try to provide fast delivery of our products to customers.  Many of our products are now available without a long lead time.  [2003-10-30 11:57:51]
[问:thep
rimegod] 讲的非常好。
为了使输出平滑,数模转换器的输出是不是需要接一个电容,那么这个电容应该怎样选择呢?谢谢!
[答:Mariah] Please reference the evalution board of the dedicated DAC part.  [2003-10-30 11:58:58]
[问:join-lin] 我们在选择D/A器件时,对精度的选择要如何判断?
[答:LiaoWS] It is decided by youy system requirement. For example, some system needs 16-bit resolution, but for some systems 8-bit is enough. You can discuss your applicaiton with us via 800 810 1742.  [2003-10-30 11:59:02]
[问:汉山] 在MCU控制的录放音系统中,如和选择A/D和D/A?谢谢
[答:William] Depending on your performance requirement, you can choose either the mono codec AD73311 or stereo AD73322.  [2003-10-30 11:59:33]
[问:kyt1999] 对与DA转换器的精度一般如何计算和选择,对DA转换器布线是数字地和模拟地是否必须绝对分离,单点相连?
[答:Wayne] DAC accuracy depends on DAC architecture and the actual sample rate you"re using. Basically you need to know what"s the SNR requirement you must leave for DACs, then the effective resolution can be calculated by ENOB=(SNR-1.76)/6.02.
Single ground should be used for DAC as it"s mixed signal chip. You can refer to below book:http://www.analog.com/technology
/amplifiersLinear/training/sensorSignal.html  [2003-10-30 12:00:18]
[问:nilibi] 精度和分辨率的区别
[答:LiaoWS] Jingdu is accuracy, Fenbianlu is resolution. Resolution means how many bits, accuracy means INL/DNL specs.  [2003-10-30 12:01:40]
[问:TSZ889] 请问DAC适用于频率高的电路吗
[答:LiaoWS] Of course. We have TxDAC series of DAC used in base station and handset.  [2003-10-30 12:02:21]
[问:jikjikjik] 有那些比较通用的8位DAC产品?价格如何?
[答:William] AD5424/5/6 etc. are all 8-bit DAC.  Please check with our distributor regarding its price as it is related to the quantity.  [2003-10-30 12:03:34]
[问:guorock] 一般AD公司的芯片承受过载的能力如何?
10000个g的加速度能承受吗?
[答:LiaoWS] Our MEMS parts can tolerate 3500g. But for normal parts, they cannot tolerate 1000g.  [2003-10-30 12:03:35]
[问:jikjikjik] 请问,什么DAC/ADC是多通道的?
如何选择此类器件?
[答:Wayne] We"ve very big family of multi channel DAC/ADC like AD538x, AD539x, AD7689/7998...... Also we"ve multi channel ADC and DAC and MCU integrated chip ADuC8xx.
If you need to select a proper part, please call 8008101742 to give your system requirement including resolution, sample rate, interface....  [2003-10-30 12:03:37]
[问:lijianhong] How to use D/A converter to get a current output from -10mA to 10mA? IS it need a V/I converter such as AD694?
[答:Albert] The AD694 will only allow unipolar output current of o to 20mA.
A more efficient and cost effective method of generating a bipolar current is to use a bipolar voltage output DAC in conjunction with an external amplifier configured as a Howland current pump to generate the bipolar current control.  [2003-10-30 12:03:38]
[问:smx
64098] 请问D/A本身所代运放的驱动能力有多大?
[答:Theresa] The output of the op amp is low output impedance.  [2003-10-30 12:03:42]
[问:0206
47319] 请问使用了数模转换器的电路在电磁兼容试验中有什么需要注意的吗?
[答:Gary] The digital Inputs and Outputs can be the cause of a lot of EMI, this is true for transient discharges to enter a piece of equipment, and for interfering signals to escape, either by conduction of spurious signals on the I-O lines or by radiation from the I-O cable. Because of this, the EMC performance of the I-O port is crucial to the EMC performance of the entire package.

For succeptibility, You should check that the output voltage goes to the correct expected value, this will ensure that the interface is robust. Also check how much of the interference is being coupled onto the output, and where it is getting coupled through. [2003-10-30 12:03:54]
[问:stick] 设计低位数(4位),高速(250M以上)的DAC一般采用什么结构?
[答:Albert] Current Source based DAC for speed.  [2003-10-30 12:04:28]
[问:cby9
81541] 高档计算机数字音箱设备使用什么类型的D/A转换器比较好?
[答:William] Our AD1885 etc. are used very widely as the SoundMax AC97 codec.  [2003-10-30 12:04:35]
[问:samire] SFDR,THD和速度之间的关系如何处理?因为视频应用的高速CMOS DAC的SFDR和THD都较差.有何好的解决方法?
[答:Wayne] You may find proper product in ADI catalog, like ADV7123 DAC, ADV7171/ADV719X/ADV73xx as video encoder.
You can call 8008101742 to give details of your application, our engineers will help you on part selection and design support.  [2003-10-30 12:07:21]
[问:648919] Σ?Δ ADC的规格说明常常假定 某一输入时钟频率,从而也就规定了 采样速率。如果使用的时钟频率高或低于规定值,那么我能可靠地使用这种转换器吗?
[答:LiaoWS] Normally, there is a clock range for the parts. Use the clock in this range should be no problem.  [2003-10-30 12:07:23]
[问:yang
yang23] 高质量的音频输出 考虑做成Hiend推荐采用那种dac好? 请告知
[答:William] AD1955 is regarded as the industrial performance leader for audio DAC.  ADI has many audio DAC which are used in hi-end audio.  Please refer to our selection guide for details.  [2003-10-30 12:07:57]
[问:qin] 如何考虑高速DAC的接地?多少位的DAC需要认真考虑?
[答:Mariah] Please reference the book "High Speed Design Techniques" which can be downloaded from ADI website. www.analog.com  [2003-10-30 12:08:28]
[问:johnling] 请问音频DAC有哪些最新型号?
[答:William] AD1955 is the latest one.  AD1853 is also quite popular.  [2003-10-30 12:09:39]
[问:johnling] We design digital mixer, which kind of DAC you will recommand to us?
[答:LiaoWS] Please let us know your bandwidth, SFDR, SNR requirement. Then we can help you on your case. Please contact china.support@analog.com or the toll-free number 800 810 1742.  [2003-10-30 12:11:33]
[问:wffae] 请问目前有没有不需reference voltage D/A产品?thanks!!!
[答:Mariah] What do you mean no reference voltage D/A? Does that mean no external reference voltage? We have a lot of parts with internal reference such as AD667,AD767,AD7233 AD7243 etc.  [2003-10-30 12:11:50]
[问:zjg18] 请推荐最常用的12位串行dac/adc
[答:Wayne] If you use MCU, I"ll suggest you use ADuC812/831/832/841/842, which integrates 8051 MCU plus 12 bit ADC with MUX, 12 bit DAC.
We"ve big family for 12bit ADC, like AD78xx, and 12bit DAC as well like AD532x. It depends on what sample rate you need as well.  [2003-10-30 12:12:52]
[问:ljp] 什么是量化噪音?不同分辨率的DAC,其量化噪音有何不同?
[答:LiaoWS] quantilization noise is inherent to the converters. For different DAC, the quantilizaiton noise is different. Please refer to page 54 of the presentation.  [2003-10-30 12:16:01]
[问:roa
mingsky] DAC的转换时间取决于哪些方面,ADI公司的产品最短可以达到多少时间,具体有哪些型号,thanks!
[答:LiaoWS] It is decided by the architecture. Our fastest is 500MSPS, they are AD9782/4/6.  [2003-10-30 12:17:46]
[问:lucawrj] 请专家谈谈影响D/A转换精度因素和相应采取的措施
[答:MelConway] The factors are internal and external.
Internally architecture, fab process, and design all contribute to accuracy. Accuracy may also be improved by trimming [laser or other means] or calibration. Low offset output amplifiers are necessary.
Externally the Reference must be carefully selected to give required performance over temperature [ppm/oC]. Minimize temperature excursions. Use high quality components with low TC Temperature Coefficient.
Accuracy depends on Resolution, higher resolution DACs are typically [but not always] more accurate. Choose a DAC with INL Integral NonLinearity of 1LSB Least Significant Bit or smaller for best linearity. beware of INL [also known as Relative Accuracy] which is specified in percent % of Full Scale - older DACs may have been specified in this way but newer parts do this often to hide poor accuracy.  [2003-10-30 12:17:58]
[问:wffae] 请问:有种产品需8Bit D/A,但输出容易受电源的纹波影响,有没有一种不受电源纹波影响的D/A芯片啊?
[答:Wayne] AD530x/533x can be good choice. But, all ICs can be affected by power supply ripple. Therefore, you need always choose good DC/DC or LDO (ADI has good products ADP3xxx). Also, you need to do good power supply de-coupling according to general rules, or the datasheet of the DACs. For details of the rules, you can refer to: http://www.analog.com/technology
/amplifiersLinear/training/sensorSignal.html  [2003-10-30 12:18:07]
[问:dengxy1960] 目前高校实验一直沿用0832,请推荐几款物美价廉的DA芯片
[答:Mariah] AD5300,AD5301,AD5330,AD5331 etc.
You can dial the toll-free number 800-820-1742 to get ADI products short form.  [2003-10-30 12:18:51]
[问:andrewpei] 请问在选择高精度的DAC时,与选择普通DAC有何不同的地方,应着重哪些技术指标。另外,并行输入口和串行输入口的DAC,哪一种抗噪声能力更好一些,对于数字IO,应该采取些什么隔离措施呢?谢谢
[答:William] The high accuracy DAC will of course have better specifications.  One should look at the DC specifications such as offset, gain error, temperature drift, DNL, INL, etc.  Parallel or serial I/O won"t make much difference in terms of resistance to noise.  However, many people found parallel port to be easier to use because the speed is much lower.  Digital lines should be kept as far away from the signal line as possible and separate ground should be used.  [2003-10-30 12:19:12]
[问:tugang0731] 你好:我曾经使用过adc0809和dac0832,这为两种比较常用的芯片,但现在我想用一些高精度的模数转换元件,请问该选用什么型号的比较好!
[答:William] Depending on your application, please refer to our selection guide based on your accuracy needs.  [2003-10-30 12:20:33]
[问:吕毅] 要实现高精度的数摸转换,最值得注意的地方除了好的电源和对模拟信号的保护外还有什么啊
[答:Wayne] At first, you need high performance DAC,
then except power supply, and protection, you need to follow other ruls of PCB layout. You can refer to below book for the rules: http://www.analog.com/technology
/amplifiersLinear/training/sensorSignal.html  [2003-10-30 12:20:50]
[问:qin] 在PCB Layout时如何对产生噪音的元件如电容,开关电源,磁性元件等元件进行屏蔽以增加动态范围?这种屏蔽如何和地线相连?在什么地方相连最好?
[答:LiaoWS] You can place them far away from your parts. And shield them if necessary. The shielding should be connected to AGND. The GND should be connected at the power supply as the common one.  [2003-10-30 12:21:37]
[问:youzidu] 请问如何更好的选择AD公司的sigma-delta 数模转换器?
[答:William] Please tell me specifically what application in which are you interested.  Sigma-delta DAC are used mainly in audio.  If that"s the application you need, then DNR and THD are the most important specifications.  [2003-10-30 12:22:02]
[问:刘润秋] sip及iic接口传输距离是多少?
[答:LiaoWS] It is decided by the wires you used. And should be decided by your system design.  [2003-10-30 12:22:32]
[问:dairlom] 先生你好:我现在正打算做一个8位的D/A转换,要求的较高线性度;速度可以不用太快(10K左右);能直接电压输出;输出极性有单级性和双级性两种。谢谢!
[答:Mariah] AD5530 12bits,voltage output, bipolar output  [2003-10-30 12:22:47]
[问:johnzhou] DAC输出不稳定经常出现跳变(跳到峰值),该如何防止这种情况发生。
[答:William] This is not a normal behavior for precision DAC.  You can try reducing the load current by adding external buffer.  [2003-10-30 12:23:03]
[问:samire] 高速DAC在PCB布局设计时需要考虑那些因素,以降低寄生参数的影响?
[答:LiaoWS] How fast is your DAC and data lines. One common way is to use multilayer layout and use more gounds.  [2003-10-30 12:23:23]
[问:lhg100] DAC 与 PWM做的电流输出在应用的差别???(有些芯片如PIC自带多路PWM,这样很有价格优势)
[答:Jing] You can refer to our ADuC831/2/4. There is DAC output together with PWM output. The PWM can be configured as a Sigma-Delta DAC and other application.  [2003-10-30 12:23:27]
[问:haoyangd] 我想继续问DeltaSigma DAC的指标的问题:一般情况下,DeltaSigma DAC是应用在音频领域,但是我知道ADI有一个产品AD421是应用在工业控制领域,它的指标就是以INL提出来的,那么在设计时是如何测试该指标的呢?我在做类似的设计,但是对如何测试DeltaSigma DAC的INL指标有疑问,特此提出,希望能给予回答。
[答:Albert] INL or integral non linearity basically tells the user the error between the actual and ideal output for a D/A converter.
From the design we can generally predict at which codes the worst case INL occurs and test for these as part of the final test.
Therefore  in testing a specific code is loaded to the DAC and the output voltage measured, the difference between the measured and the ideal after taking out the offset and gain error results in the INL error and this is generally specified in lsbs or percentage of fullscale.  [2003-10-30 12:24:14]
[问:zhai
shenghua] 您好,我正在使用贵公司的12-Bit, 125MSPS DAC AD9752,请问,在电路设计中有什么需要特别注意的地方?
[答:LiaoWS] The simplest way for you is to refer to the evaluation board schematic and layout. any technical support needed, feel free to contact 800 810 1742 or china.support@analog.com  [2003-10-30 12:24:20]
[问:cobuild] 我想选用一种数模转换器,要求工作电压为+5V,12位并口电压输出,两路或者四路输出,请问ADI公司的产品中有哪些可以选用?价格分别是多少?
[答:Wayne] AD5342/3 (12bit, dual DAC), AD5344 (QUAD 12bit DAC) is good choice. For price, please contact with local ADI office, or ADI distributor.  [2003-10-30 12:24:54]
[问:wistful] 在进行DA转换时,器件已经选定,如何通过布线来提高信噪比?
[答:Mariah] The best way is to reference the PCB layout of the evalution board of the dedicated part.  [2003-10-30 12:25:13]
[问:lyz_b
lue_sky] 在国内,有很多像我这样经验很欠缺的技术人员,在选择DAC时,不知如何选择,对很多参数理解得不够深刻,如何缓解这些问题?
[答:LiaoWS] OK, you can call us by 800 810 1742, or send mail to china.support@analog.com. We will be very happy to help you.  [2003-10-30 12:25:15]
[问:candid] 设计电路板时,如何才能保证d/a,a/d的精度不受影响?
[答:Wayne] There"re various rules that you need to follow:
http://www.analog.com/technology
/amplifiersLinear/training/sensorSignal.html  [2003-10-30 12:25:38]
[问:ljp] 16位30MSPS的DAC,DNL为什么只有14位?14位的DNL是否意味着是非单调的?
[答:William] A 14 bit DNL in a 16 bit DAC means the part is NOT monotonic.  Montionicity requires DNL to be within 1LSB.  To achieve both high speed and accuracy is difficult.  DAC with this kind of speed is usually used in communication system.  Monotonicity is usually not required in this application.  [2003-10-30 12:26:01]
[问:662135] How about D/A transfer resolution?
[答:Mariah] What does "TRANSFER" resolution mean?  [2003-10-30 12:26:22]
[问:chen
xinyu009] 选择数模转换器有不有更快捷的方式
[答:LiaoWS] Call the toll-free number 800 810 1742. It will be fast, and we have selection guides ready for you, we can send them to you if you can let us know your address.  [2003-10-30 12:26:30]
[问:chen.wei] 有用于高清晰度电视系统的DAC吗,是什么型号?
[答:Wayne] I think you means video encoder, then we"ve good performance parts like ADV7195/6/7 supporting HDTV. We"ve also ADV73xx which support both SDTV and HDTV.  [2003-10-30 12:27:36]
[问:grey_
yz1949] 我正在用FPGA控制DAC0832。产生正弦信号采用查表法,但是总是在过零点的时候有较大的毛刺,请问是0832内部的问题吗
[答:William] DAC0832 is a rather old part.  I suspect this is caused by switching of the internal driving circuit.  [2003-10-30 12:28:00]
[问:wffae] 为了保证高精度,在PCB layout 方面应特别注意些什么?thank!!!
[答:LiaoWS] Design with good decoupling, good grounding method, use the right power supply. And make sure to refer to our evaluation board schematic and layout. For technical support, call 800 810 1742, or send mail to china.support@analog.com  [2003-10-30 12:28:27]
[问:SHIFENG] 选择数模转换器需要考虑哪些外部因素?外部环境对器件本身有没有影响?
[答:Jing] You should pay attention to the environmental temperature and the EMI . It"s will bring the  temperature drift to the device .  [2003-10-30 12:30:42]
[问:kzw] 除了sigma-delta型的DAC之外,还有什么型的DAC?
[答:William] There are others such as R-2R (sting DAC) and voltage divider type.  [2003-10-30 12:32:19]
[问:tuo
lang2000] 在数模转换器中其转换频率和器件的采样周期是否相同,在设计D/A变换的时候,怎么才能避免EMI的问题
[答:Jing] It"s different. You should pay attention to your PCB layout such as decoupling and seperate the analog from the digital GND etc.  [2003-10-30 12:32:46]

点击此处查看原文 >>

系统分类: 虚拟仪器   |    用户分类:    |    来源: 转贴

评论(0) | 阅读(32)
发表于:2008-5-15 11:28:52
标签:无标签

2

如何选择DAC

在线问答
[问:wangda
weidavid] 请问专家,如果所做系统要求数模转换的精度很高,而速度没有什么要求,那应选择哪种芯片比较合算,就是说可以达到要求,又比较省钱。谢谢
[答:Mariah] For high resolution and low speed DAC, you can consider sigma-delta DACs. This kind of DACs are also cheap.  [2003-10-30 10:47:58]
[问:hjldfp] 如何选择14位50MHz的A/D D/A芯片
[答:William] In general, the A/D, D/A selection is dependent on the type of end application you are working on.  For example, for communication, SFDR is important.  Please refer to the product datasheet and selection guide for details.  [2003-10-30 10:52:03]
[问:qiangnet] 能否简单介绍下目前D/A 转换器的工艺发展?失效模式?
[答:Albert] Failure modes related to DACs generally result from mis application of the device.
Usually overvoltage, breaking the absolute max ratings etc  [2003-10-30 10:52:59]
[问:davidlu] 应用于视频(1Vpp,PAL625--1249,NTSC525--1024)采集,10位或12位并行输出,如何选用数模转换器?谢谢。
[答:Wayne] I think you mean video decoder, not DAC. So, you can choose ADV7189, which support 10/20bit extended standard. However, if you just want to convert directly the CVBS signal to digital data, then you can use AD9203 which is 10bit 40MSPS ADC, or AD9200 which is 10bit and 20MSPS, AD9051 10bit 60MSPS.  [2003-10-30 10:53:17]
[问:aini8833
456.student] 数模转换器种类和特性是怎样划分的?
还有就是怎样和计算机相连?
[答:Mariah] The classification of DACs is according several criterions, such as speed, I/O types etc.
You can use the UART protocol of your MCU to communicate with PC.  [2003-10-30 10:53:59]
[问:samire] DAC的输出如何和平滑滤波器连接?对滤波器有何要求?如何进行设计这种滤波器?
[答:Mariah] You can find the filter design reference tools by the link below. http://www.analog.com/techSupport/designTools
/interactiveTools/filter/filter.html  [2003-10-30 10:59:25]
[问:john_ren] 1.选择转换器时,应当重点注意那些问题?在基本参数符合要求,我们一般重点考虑价格,请提供参考意见
2.在对转换的数据进行加密时,有那些常用芯片,常用什么算法?
3.转换器有无内置放大,即可以直接对模拟信号进行转换?
[答:William] 1) Cost is certainly very important.  However, the lowest system cost doesn"t always mean choosing the lowest cost component.  For example, higher performance product, even though it means higher component cost, can help reduce manufacturing cost (less adjustment, shorter development time, etc.)
2) The encryption is usually done at the FPGA/DSP behind the ADC.  There are many  algorithm available, depending on how much protection you need.
3) Many ADC"s have PGA built-in.  Please refer to the selection guide.  [2003-10-30 11:00:05]
[问:grey_
yz1949] 请问,目前最快的DAC芯片速度能达到多少M
[答:LiaoWS] The fastest DAC ADI can provide now is 500MHz. The part numbers are AD9782/4/6.  [2003-10-30 11:00:19]
[问:gecheng
liang] 产品在中国的销售代理和技术支持是哪几家公司?
高速处理芯片选型,开发需要哪些配套设备和开发软件?
国内有没有用AD高速处理芯片作过开发,能否提供技术支持?
购货周期一般是多长时间?
 
[答:William] We have 5 distributors in China.  Arrow, Avnet (Chinatronics), Future, GEHK/Excelpoint, and WPG.  There are many companies who have used our high speed ADC.  We have several experts who specialize in high speed ADC.  You can call our 800-810-1742 for technical support.  Typical delivery timeframe is 4-6 weeks for our products.  [2003-10-30 11:04:13]
[问:vanbingo] 如何选用数模转换器的精度
[答:Mariah] You can find the accuracy specification in the datasheet. The accuracy selection of the parts is decided by your application.  [2003-10-30 11:05:44]
[问:john_ren] 1.如何实现转换电路与接口电路的电平兼容,常用那些方法?
2.当需要不同的采样率进行采样时,如何实现?
3.数字滤波如何工作的?当码流变换时如何适应,FIR滤波器可以解决这个问题吗?
[答:Wayne] 1. Normally you can use level translation like ADG3245/6/7.
2. Don"t understand your question, could you make it clear, or you can call 8008101742 later for discussion.
3. It"s a complicated question, however you can find a chapter in ADI book "Mixed-Signal and DSP design techniques". You can find the PDF file on www.analog.com by searching the words.  [2003-10-30 11:07:39]
[问:662135] 数模转换器的位数选择很重要吗?
[答:Mariah] Yes, it is the first important parameter when you select the part. It is decided by your application requirement.  [2003-10-30 11:07:47]
[问:guorock] SFDR是数字自由杂散动态范围,它是如何定义的?该指标对什么有影响?
[答:LiaoWS] You can find its definition from the datasheet of ADI DACs, AD9772 for example. It will influence the dynamic range of the system.  [2003-10-30 11:07:51]
[问:lichun
lei_1979] 现在最快的模数/数模转换器采样率是多少?
市场价格多少钱?
主要用于高速数据采集及重现。谢谢!
[答:William] One needs to consider also the resolution when talking about speed.  Also, the speed is highly dependent on the application.  For example, for communication, speed is in the order of hundreds of MHz.  But for instrumentation, the speed is only at a few MSPS.  Price also varies quite a bit from application to application because of different performance requirement.  [2003-10-30 11:08:54]
[问:izk] 如果DAC输入数据是高达200兆的LVDS的逻辑信号,ADI的产品有能满足该需求的解决方案吗?
[答:Wayne] We"re designing this kind of DACs, the part# should be AD972x, which is scheduled to release in 2004.  [2003-10-30 11:08:56]
[问:ShaoJunmei] 频率很高的情况下,如500M,A/D,D/A的选择,最应该注意是什么方面的问题?
[答:Albert] at 14 bit resolution, 400Msps ad9775
at 16 bit resolution, 400Msps ad9777
AD9723/24/25 will feature 600MSPS and are currently in definition.
All products supported by the analog devices High Speed Converter Group.  [2003-10-30 11:09:08]
[问:zddpy] 数据线与CPU控制器总线如何隔离最好。
[答:William] Typically, one needs to take care of the isolation of analog and digital lines with separate grounding and enough physical distance between the lines.  It is also dependent on the frequency of your bus and the signal.  [2003-10-30 11:10:50]
[问:ZHJNAME] 请问一下,能不能推荐常用的8,12位的DAC(较高的性价比,电压输出)?
[答:Mariah] 8bits:AD5300,AD5301,AD5330
10bits:AD5310,AD5311,AD5331
If you wants to get the product shor form of ADI,you can call toll-free number 800-810-1742 to get it.  [2003-10-30 11:11:08]
[问:SUMMER
_CHEN] 如何降低DAC的噪声?对于时钟有何特殊要求?
[答:Albert] Precision DACs use architecture based around R-2R architectures and generally do not require a high frequency clock.

In high speed converters the clock is an integral part of the DAC and clock jitter,overshoot and undershoot on the clock signal contribute to noise.  [2003-10-30 11:12:45]
[问:wswtiger] 如何确保高分辨率高速(14bit 40MHz)的ADC的正确设计,
在数模转换器的选择中电流输出型和电压输出型的究竟应该怎样选择呢,他们的优点各是什么呢?
[答:Jing] You can accord to you design to select the correspond ADCs with relative INL,DNL and the interface . If you want to get more flexibility and high speed ,you can select the current output DAC. Of course ,you should add another amplifier after the current DAC to get the voltage output in needs.  [2003-10-30 11:14:43]
[问:shijh] 14.9MHz的DDS应与什么样的D/A最佳匹配?
[答:LiaoWS] ADI"s DDS integragtes DAC in it. You can use AD983X series of DDS.  [2003-10-30 11:14:48]
[问:SUMMER
_CHEN] 请问,通讯领域中采用的数字中频技术,会用到高速的DA器件,那么ADI在这方面有什么样的产品,有何特点?
 
[答:Wayne] It depends on what kind of communication system you"re doing, SW, or 3G. Basically you can choose TxDAC family like AD9786 (16bit, 400MSPS), AD977x, high level interpolation, and high sample rate is main feature. For integrated solution with ADC/DAC together we have MxFE family like AD986x (dual ADC + Dual DAC, high speed, and with some auxiliary ADC/DAC). We"ve also DDS AD983x, AD985x for your design.  [2003-10-30 11:15:31]
[问:hdwliang] 请问如何用DA实现4-20mA输出
 
[答:LiaoWS] ADI has such kind of parts: AD420 and AD421, both 16-bit accuracy.  [2003-10-30 11:15:46]
[问:tuolang2000] 现在的MCU中是不是有些已经内置了A/D,D/A转换????
[答:Jing] Yes .Our ADuCXXX serial product such as ADuC812,ADuC814,ADuC831/2 and ADuC841/2 etc is such kind of MCU  [2003-10-30 11:16:12]
[问:ljp] DAC用作遥控,和MCU相连时,我该选择串行接口或并行接口?请专家给点建议.
[答:Mariah] Serial interface is used for small, low power applications.Parallel is used for fast update low overhead, and high channel count applications. [2003-10-30 11:16:19]
[问:kzw] 有什么型号的DAC,是四通道的,12位并行的,转换速度不低于500K?
[答:Jing] you can refer to our AD5340/1  [2003-10-30 11:16:42]
[问:QZDZ] 现在高速DAC数据输入主要采用什么样的传输模式及通讯协议,对数据传输方面有什么特殊的要求或在设计方面应该特别留意的地方.
[答:LiaoWS] Now the interface between microcontroller and DAC is mainly TTL/CMOS level, but later there will be LVDS interface. What you should take care is the layout, grounding and decoupling.  [2003-10-30 11:17:25]
[问:kzw] AD公司的芯片精度比较高,这是大家公认的,但有一点不太好,就是太容易被烧掉了,我想问一下是为什么?难道是精度高就易坏吗?另外,芯片坏了一般不怎么发热,总是烧了还不知道,烧了后并不是不能工作,而是性能变坏,比如说,转换速度变慢。
[答:William] I don"t believe our product is more easy to damage.  It is, however, generally true that a "mixed signal" product is more sensitive to ESD damage (than purely digital or analog).  It is simply because when one combines both analog and digital technologies onto the same IC, the process becomes less robust to ESD.  What you describes is a bit strange, I"m curious if it was because the product was purchased from "electronic market" where the quality is often not stable.  [2003-10-30 11:17:42]
[问:riple] 如何正确选择数模转换器:转换速率和带宽应如何取舍?
[答:MelConway] Conversion speed [settling time] and bandwidth specifications depend greatly on the DAC architecture.
Bandwidth can either be
1] multiplying bandwidth which is the maximum frequency that can be applied to the Reference input or
2] waveform generation bandwidth which is related to the DAC digital input update rate, which depends on the interface type, and conversion speed. This bandwidth also depends on the SFDR Spurious Free Dynamic Range or THD Total Harmonic Distortion which give a measure of the quality of the output at certain frequencies.

The highest bandwitdth is always obtained from Current Output DACs which have no input/reference buffers or output buffers to add delays to the signal processing. Of course parallel interface DACs update faster and are therefore more suitable for higher bandwidths.

Everything depends on the actual frequencies that are to be used, and whether the application is processing a signal input or generating a signal output.
Use Voltage output DACs upto approx 100kHz, and Current output above this.
Parallel interface allows an update rate of upto 50MHz, while Serial interface allows update rate upto approx 3MHz.
Example the AD5443 has a multiplying bandwidth of 10MHz+ but an update rate of only approx 3MHz as it is Serial interface. The AD5445 with Parallel interface can update upto 50MHz but the settling time limits the usable bandwidth to approx 10MHz.
Please contact our Applications Engineers with more details of the application for a selection of suitable parts.  [2003-10-30 11:18:16]
[问:wffae] 请问,要达到高精度,对 reference voltage 要求一定很高吗?
[答:LiaoWS] The voltage reference"s accuracy influence the accuracy of the part. So for high performance DAC, it needs high performance reference.  [2003-10-30 11:19:41]
[问:yoursdd] 如果对视频信号进行数模/模数转换该如何选择转换器,它的关键性规格是哪几个方面呢?谢谢!
[答:Wayne] If you want to decode CVBS or Y/C signal to YUV digital data, then you can use video decoder like ADV7189, ADV7183A. And for encoder, you can use ADV717x (SDTV), ADV719x (some support progressive scan video), ADV73xx (support HDTV). ADI advantage is high oversample rate, high SNR, noise figure.
If you want to convert RGB from digital to analog RGB, then ADV7123/7/8 is choices.
If you want to convert CVBS directly to digital data by time, then general purpose ADC like AD9203, AD9200, AD9051 as 10bit resolution. You can also use AD922x as 12bit solution.  [2003-10-30 11:21:17]
[问:qin] 多通道的DAC的通道匹配性能如何保证?
[答:Theresa] DAC-to-DAC crosstalk is defined as the glitch impulse that appears at the output of one DAC output due to both the digital change and subsequent analog O/P change at another DAC. The victim channel is loaded with midscale
and DAC-to-DAC crosstalk is specified in nV-s.  [2003-10-30 11:22:51]
[问:wffae] 请问贵公司的D/A一致性如何?我曾用过台湾多家D/A但产品的一致性差,在同样条件和环境下,输出的摸拟电压值有差异,不得不对每个产品作补偿调整。
[答:William] The specifications are guaranteed in the datasheet.  You can refer to the DC performance (such as offset and gain error) for further details.  [2003-10-30 11:23:44]
[问:qin] 请介绍电源对高速DAC的噪音影响.是否需要用线性调整器而不用开关电源?如果用开关电源,对它的波纹如何进行处理?
[答:LiaoWS] For analog circuits, linear power supply is required. But switched power supply can be used if you can filter it well. If you want to filter the ripples in the power supply, your weapons are capacitors, inductors. For more details, send mail to china.support@analog.com, please.  [2003-10-30 11:23:57]
[问:qinqingzi] 1MSPS的转换率,如果由外部提供时钟,会不会有不稳定之类的问题
[答:Jing] General Crystal Oscillator can generate up to 30MHz frequency. You can use a external clock and be aware to the filter circuit and the stability of the voltage reference source.  [2003-10-30 11:24:30]
[问:lwbence] DAC的一些相关指标在各个领域的应用中有没有一些标准,比如在通信领域的要求或是其它领域
[答:LiaoWS] The specifications for the DAC is different from application to application. For communication systems, the requirement is the SNR, SFDR, etc. Which are mainly frequency domain specs.  [2003-10-30 11:25:30]
[问:ljp] 如果8位DAC没有串行口,如何和串口的MCU相连接?是否要加串并转换?对这转换有何要求?
[答:Mariah] If the MCU has parallel port, you can connect the DAC to MCU directly. If you just wants to use serial port, you should convert parallel to serial. You should pay attention to the level consistency of the conversion.  [2003-10-30 11:26:58]
[问:wwenguang] DA的一个参数:MSPS UPDATE RATE是什么意思,是不是最高的工作频率?
[答:LiaoWS] MSPS is million samples per second
Update rate is MSPS for many converters,e xcept the Sigma-Delta ones. They are not maximum working frquency, they are the frequency that converter can work normally. The maximum should be faster than them.  [2003-10-30 11:27:01]
[问:hua_xing_jiang] 请推荐几种用于通讯的转换器芯片。谢谢。
[答:LiaoWS] In whihc kind of wireless system?
For 3G, we have AD6644/5, AD6623/4, AD6634/6, AD6650/2, AD9777, AD9786 and so on.

For details, contact 800 810 1742, please.  [2003-10-30 11:28:06]
[问:kenvert.lee] 刚才提到DAC的失效模式,请问,通常有哪些设计上的不当会导致DAC失效?DAC最容易损坏的是哪一部分?谢谢!
[答:Albert] Designs that cannot tolerate failure include mission critical applications, in medical, military etc.
Dacs sections prone to failure include:
(a) the power supply pins due to overvoltage from high voltage spikes  on the power supply generated fron inductive switching in the system etc.
(b)Interface lines again due to overvoltage.
(c)Output amplifier due to ESD and overvoltage

All failure modes are generally attributed to mis application of the device. Generally when the devices are very robust when operated within their absolute max ratings.  [2003-10-30 11:28:22]
[问:chenpld] 在视频信号的DAC选择上,为达到广播级的质量,有什么要注意的?
谢谢!
[答:Wayne] Basically you need to follow broadcasting standards locally. At first, you need enough oversample rate, then SNR to reach one of the requirements. ADV719x can be good choice. ADV73xx is new coming family which has 108MSPS or even 216MSPS sample rate. ADI has some other properity technology in video, like DNR, SSAF filter, which help to reach the requirement.  [2003-10-30 11:29:23]
[问:ljp] 5. 串行DAC的时序控制较麻烦,和微控制器的I/O通信时间较长,除了改用并行DAC,还有什么好办法?
[答:LiaoWS] For serial interface, few wires will be needed. It is suitable for multi-channel applications. For high speed DACs, most of them are parallel interface.  [2003-10-30 11:29:54]
[问:zbchen69] 如何考虑DNL 和INL 对转换精度的影响问题?在选择相关芯片时应如何考虑?
[答:William] DNL and INL represent the linearity of the conversion.  Depending on your application, you need to decide how much error you can allow in the code from the ideal value.  [2003-10-30 11:31:04]
[问:421956] 请问:用于直流伺服电机控制的DAC在精度与速度上一般选用什么类型的DAC比较好,是电压输出的,还是电流输出型的!
[答:Albert] Again DAC selection is highly dependant on the system and its requirements which will determine the accuracy and speed of the DAC.
Generally voltage output DACs are a more complete solution. Iout DACs generally can only supply 2mA max and require an external amplifier for current to voltage conversion.  [2003-10-30 11:32:37]
[问:wyhljb] 在数模转换中,中间所经过的途径与通信中的数字信号和摸仪信号是同样的吗??
  转换中的干扰有那些要注意的???
[答:Mariah] I am not sure about the "approach" meaning? If you wants to get more help, please call toll-free number 800-810-1742.  [2003-10-30 11:32:54]
[问:qin] 如果降低温度对DAC性能的影响?或者提高温度使用范围?
[答:William] Many DAC"s come with a reference input.  The temperature performance can be usually enhanced by using an external, low tempco reference to extend the temperature range of the DAC.  Note that all semiconductor products have temperature grade.  One should not use a product beyond the range.  [2003-10-30 11:33:13]
[问:ljp] ADI公司有没有ADC和DAC在同一封装里的产品?
[答:Wayne] For precison solution, Microconvertor series like ADuC81x/2x/3x/4x is good choice which integrate ADC (12/16/24 bit, 200KSPS....), 8051 MCU and 12bit DACs or PWM output in one chip.
For high speed solution, you can find MxFE family including AD986x, AD987x which has broad applications in STB, modem, communication systems.  [2003-10-30 11:33:44]
[问:qiangnet] 能否推荐一个10M/8bit输出的D/A转换器?此外,深圳ADI的D/A转换器的负责人怎样联系?thanks!
[答:Jing] You can refer to our AD5224,AD5225 and AD5226.You can contact with our Shenzhen representation at 0755-83783430(Mr.Zhang Xinming).  [2003-10-30 11:34:42]
[问:samire] 单电源和双电源的DAC在性能有何区别?
[答:MelConway] Unipolar = single supply compared to Bipolar = dual supply DACs:

Unipolar is cheaper and simpler [only 1 power supply], and is suitable for battery powered equipment. It is typically lower power [as it uses only half the supplies of a bipolar DAC].
However the signal has no ground [unless you setup a pseudo ground, which is not optimal] which makes it unsuitable for AC and control [+/-] type applications. The voltage swing on the output is typically less than half that of a bipolar output which reduces the dynamic range, Signal to Noise Ratio, and the size of the Least Significant Bit LSB which makes it unsuitable for high precision, high accuracy applications. As the IC Integrated Circuit has to withstand much lower voltages, the feature size can be reduced, reducing the die size and therefore cost.
Bipolar DACs are necessary for AC, control and any high precision or high accuracy applications whre performance is important. Modern voltage doubler and inverter ICs [based on charge pumps etc.] can generate the necessary negative and high voltages for bipolar DACs at very little cost whilst maintaining all the performance advantages.
Depending on the application a very rough split would be to use unipolar DACs at 12bits and below, and bipolar DACs at 12bits and above, however everything depends on the actual application.
Please conatct our Application Engineers who will be happy to explain further and make part recommendations.  [2003-10-30 11:34:47]
[问:stick] 能否解释一下DAC中INL,DNL,SFDR等指标
[答:LiaoWS] Please find them from page 15 of the presentation. Also, you can find their specification from our datasheets. For details, please send mail to china.support@analog.com, they will be happy to help you.  [2003-10-30 11:35:23]
[问:snailman] 请问,在精度要求很高的场合,在模数转换器的参考源选择及外围电路的设计上有哪些需要考虑的因素呢?比如是选用转换器自身提供的参考源好呢还是使用外部参考源好呢?谢谢
[答:William] One needs to use a high performance power supply and reference.  Both the power supply and reference should be decoupled to a quiet analog ground with two decoupling capacitors (one for high speed noise and one for voltage stability).  External reference typically provides a better performance.  [2003-10-30 11:36:15]
[问:liuhuaker] 主持人你好,请问DAC的转换速度是通过哪个参数体现的。
[答:LiaoWS] you can find their MSPS, settling time. For low speed DACs, it is important to know its settling time.  [2003-10-30 11:36:21]
[问:WANGGYU] 96khz音频输出可以选择贵公司的那种类型的DAC,请教国内常用的供货稳定的一种
[答:William] Our AD1853, AD1955, etc. can support 96kHz.  In fact, AD1955 is one of the best audio DAC available on the market.  [2003-10-30 11:38:41]
[问:wffae] D/A输出电压会受负载的变化而受到影响吗?
[答:Mariah] The output will be influence by the load. If you drive a heavy load, you should add a buffer at the output of the DAC.  [2003-10-30 11:39:08]
[问:lijianhong] 怎样配置一个D/A电路,使输出为双极性电流?
[答:LiaoWS] For bipolar voltage output, you have to select the right kind of DAC. Another way is to use the bipolar amplifiers to implement the current to voltage conversion.  [2003-10-30 11:39:11]
[问:nilibi] 请问时钟抖动对DAC的影响有多大,有没有公式,谢谢
[答:Theresa] Jitter causes a voltage error which is a function of slew rate and results in an overall degradation of SNR.
Theoretical SNR =6N +1.76dB
where N="resolution"
  [2003-10-30 11:40:13]
[问:jikjikjik] 有那些接口形式可选择?
[答:Mariah] Basicly, SPI, I2C for serial port and parallel port.  [2003-10-30 11:40:45]
[问:jikjikjik] 请问常用的关于声卡使用的DAC/ADC产品有那些?价格如何/谢谢
[答:William] We have a family of SoundMax AC97 codec (such as the AD1885).  If you are looking for general purpose codec, then our AD73311 or AD73322 are suitable.  [2003-10-30 11:41:13]
[问:wffae] D/A芯片的复位是什么意思?D/A芯片会复位吗?
[答:LiaoWS] It means that when power on, a fixed lotage level will be set. The reset for the DAC is useful for some applicaitons.  [2003-10-30 11:41:52]
[问:huhuizhu] What specification of DAC can presents the difference of settle time from a voltage level to another one on different voltage level?
[答:MelConway] This is a combination of Settling Time and Slew Rate. Settling time gives the time for the output to stabilize given a certain [specified] step size [typically full scale]. Settling time can range from 2-100us for Voltage output DACs to 30-500ns for Current output DACs. Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of the output - example 5V/us means that the output can change a total of 5V in 1 microsecond [us]. If the output was at 1V it could move to 3.5V [a change of 2.5V] in 0.5us.  [2003-10-30 11:42:37]
[问:QZDZ] 请介绍一下,现在DAC在虚拟仪器方面的应用情况
[答:Wayne] Most application of DAC in virtue instrument should be multi-channel DACs. So, AD53xx, AD54xx, AD55xx are big family for your choices. For exmaple, AD5380 can reach 40 channels 14bit. While, AD5391 is 16 channels 12 bit DAC, AD5392 is 8 channels 16 bit DAC.  [2003-10-30 11:43:07]
[问:peng-kai] 在DAC与放大器一起构成程序控制放大器时,除了精度位数以外,我应当还考虑写什麽技术指标。谢谢
[答:William] The DC specifications are important in this application.  One should look at offset, gain error, drift (if temperature is important), etc.  [2003-10-30 11:43:58]
[问:wffae] 请问贵公司有集成温度补偿的D/A芯片吗?通常能保证的温度范围是多少? thanks!!
[答:LiaoWS] We have not this kind of DACs. We can insure our temperature range from 0-70 degree to the military standard.  [2003-10-30 11:44:16]
[问:jikjikjik] 请问那一类DAC适合做比精度较高的仪表器件?
 
[答:Theresa] The most suitable DACs for high precision instrumentation are generally DACs with greater than 12 bits resolution, 16 bits resolution is best choice.

Bipolar dacs or Iout Dacs may be good options depending on the customer requirements.  [2003-10-30 11:44:35]
[问:lwbence] 如果要想达到20bit以上的精度,对电源的要求如何(如果不考虑外部噪声,只考虑电源引入的),是不是只能用电池供电
[答:Jing] We can provide 16 bit resolution DAC such as AD5543 and AD5544 now. You can use the battery or other power supply.But you should pay more attention to the decoupling circuit and the stability of the reference .Thanks!  [2003-10-30 11:44:47]
[问:de88] 选择转换器时,在EMC方面应注意哪些问题.
[答:Gary] A lot of EMC compatibilty is based on system design and not just component selection.

PCB Grounding, Layout and decoupling of power supplies have a big effect on Succeptability and Emissions. System shielding also has a big impact on this. There are a lot of articles written on design techniques to minimise EMC. please read the following article for more information.

点击此处查看原文 >>

系统分类: 虚拟仪器   |    用户分类:    |    来源: 转贴

评论(0) | 阅读(97)
发表于:2008-5-14 20:57:02
标签:无标签

1

浅谈二极管

 

二、二极管

    1.1反向特性:

    在电子电路中,二极管的正极接在低电位端,负极接在高电位端,此时二极管中几乎没有电流流过,此时二极管处于截止状态,这种连接方式,称为反向偏置。二极管处于反向偏置时,仍然会有微弱的反向电流流过二极管,称为漏电流。当二极管两端的反向电压增大到某一数值,反向电流会急剧增大,二极管将失去单方向导电特性,这种状态称为二极管的击穿。

    1.2最高反向工作电压

    加在二极管两端的反向电压高到一定值时,会将管子击穿,失去单向导电能力。为了保证使用安全,规定了最高反向工作电压值。例如,IN4001二极管反向耐压为50VIN4007反向耐压为1000V

    1.3肖特基二极管

    肖特基二极管是德国科学家肖特基(Schottky)1938年发明的。肖特基二极管与普通的PN结二极管不同。是使用N型半导体材料与金属在一起结合形成金属一半导体结。肖特基二极管比普通二极管有正向压降低约0.2V、反向电荷恢复时间短(10ns以内)等优点。

    应用特点:适合于高频、大电流、低电压整流电路以及微波电子混频电路、检波电路、高频数字逻辑电路等。

    1.4表示

    晶体二极管在电路中常用“D”加数字表示,如: D5表示编号为5的二极管。

    1.5作用:

    二极管的主要特性是单向导电性,也就是在正向电压的作用下,导通电阻很小;而在反向电压作用下导通电阻极大或无穷大。正因为二极管具有上述特性,无绳电话机中常把它用在整流、隔离、稳压、极性保护、编码控制、调频调制和静噪等电路中。电话机里使用的晶体二极管按作用可分为:整流二极管(如1N4004)、隔离二极管(如1N4148)、肖特基二极管(如BAT85)、发光二极管、稳压二极管等。

    1.6识别方法:

    二极管的识别很简单,小功率二极管的N极(负极),在二极管外表大多采用一种色圈标出来,有些二极管也用二极管专用符号来表示P极(正极)或N极(负极),也有采用符号标志为“P”、“N”来确定二极管极性的。发光二极管的正负极可从引脚长短来识别,长脚为正,短脚为负。

    1.7测试注意事项:

    用数字式万用表去测二极管时,红表笔接二极管的正极,黑表笔接二极管的负极,此时测得的阻值才是二极管的正向导通阻值,这与指针式万用表的表笔接法刚好相反。

    1.8常用的1N4000系列二极管耐压比较如下:

    型号 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007

    耐压(V 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000

    电流(A) 均为1

    1.9稳压二极管

       1.91表示:

       稳压二极管在电路中常用“ZD”加数字表示,如:ZD5表示编号为5的稳压管。

       1.92稳压二极管的稳压原理:

       稳压二极管的特点就是击穿后,其两端的电压基本保持不变。这样,当把稳压管接入电路以后,若由于电源电压发生波动,或其它原因造成电路中各点电压变动时,负载两端的电压将基本保持不变。

       1.93故障特点: